British Colonization Period - 1600 AD Era

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The period of British colonization in India had a significant impact on various aspects of Indian society, including traditional martial arts like Kalari. While the British colonial rule introduced changes in political, social, and cultural spheres, Kalari managed to survive albeit facing certain challenges and adaptations.

1. Suppression of Indigenous Practices:

   • British Policies: The British colonial administration, particularly during the early stages of colonization, was known for its efforts to suppress indigenous practices, including martial arts. Traditional systems like Kalari were often viewed with suspicion, as the British sought to establish control and authority over the subcontinent.

2. Decline in Royal Patronage:

   • Shift in Power Structures: With the decline of indigenous kingdoms and the establishment of British colonial rule, the traditional system of royal patronage for martial arts, including Kalari, diminished. The new ruling authorities did not necessarily appreciate or support indigenous martial traditions.

3. Cultural Appropriation:

   • European Interest in Martial Arts: Interestingly, some British officers and individuals stationed in India developed an interest in Indian martial arts, including Kalari. However, this interest was often from a colonial perspective, with attempts to document, study, and sometimes appropriate aspects of these martial arts without necessarily acknowledging their cultural context.

4. Transformation of Kalari:

   • Adaptation to Changing Circumstances: To survive during the colonial period, Kalari underwent adaptations. Some practitioners may have modified their teaching methods or focused on aspects that could be presented to colonial authorities as physical fitness exercises rather than martial training.

5. Underground Practice and Secrecy:

   • Preservation through Secrecy: To avoid suppression and maintain the continuity of Kalari, practitioners sometimes resorted to practicing in secret or within closed communities. This clandestine approach helped in preserving the traditional techniques and knowledge associated with Kalari.

6. Revival in the Post-Colonial Period:

   • Rediscovery of Heritage: The post-colonial period witnessed a renewed interest in traditional Indian practices, including martial arts. As India gained independence, there was a conscious effort to reclaim and celebrate the country's cultural heritage, leading to a revival of interest in Kalari.

7. Modernization and Globalization:

   • Integration with Modern Practices: In the post-colonial era, Kalari began to adapt to modern contexts. It integrated elements of physical fitness, self-defense, and even theatrical performances. The globalization of martial arts also opened up opportunities for Kalari to be recognized and practiced beyond India's borders.

8. Cultural Resilience:

   • Survival and Continuity: Despite the challenges posed by British colonization, the cultural resilience of Kalari and the dedication of practitioners played a crucial role in its survival. The oral transmission of knowledge, community-based practice, and the recognition of Kalari as an integral part of India's cultural heritage contributed to its continuity.

In conclusion, the British colonization of India had a complex impact on traditional martial arts like Kalari. While facing suppression and a decline in royal patronage, Kalari managed to adapt, survive through secrecy, and later experience a revival in the post-colonial period. Today, Kalari stands as a testament to the resilience of India's cultural heritage and the ability of traditional practices to withstand external pressures and adapt to changing circumstances.